Automatic car navigation system Essay Example

Automatic car navigation system Essay Example Automatic car navigation system Essay Automatic car navigation system Essay What is Automated Car Navigation System? It has been about 100 old ages since autos have been turn overing out of the mills and there has been singular promotions in engineering, from the traditional maximal 40 km/hr to the present twenty-four hours 300 km/hr, along came many radical engineerings and detectors, for illustration the distant detector which senses if there is any obstruction while parking the auto. All this has been possible by utilizing the microprocessors in the auto. All the determination devising after feeling the obstruction is done by the microprocessor. What would be the following radical thing now? Cars can wing? ! Well, yes that can excessively be the following large thing, but since we are speaking about the microprocessors and there coming in car sector, the following large thing which seems to me is the automatic auto pilotage system. Yes, auto thrusts itself, The user merely gives in the finish and the auto figures out the way, steering itself carefully through the traffic. Present Day Technology Soon there is non working paradigm in the commercial sector, but there is a batch of research and development traveling on. Let s discuss few of them- GPS Navigation: The most common technique is the usage of Global Positioning Satellite to obtain the current coordinates of the auto and the coordinates of our finish and this information is fed into the computing machine which decides which is the shortest way to make the finish. Demerits: Lack of truth ( mistake is in metres ) and the engineering is expensive as it would necessitate more orbiters to be fired up into the infinite Options An option to the GPS solution is utilizing the A ; lsquo ; Local Mapping Technique . When we travel in an unknown terrain, how best do we make a finish? By inquiring the people local to that location, For illustration person coming from Delhi to Chehrhu take the national main road and when it will make Punjab it will look for route marks and inquire local people the shortest way to make Chehrhu. Same solution we will use to our pilotage system. Rather than linking all the autos to a geostationary orbiter, we can on the contrary connect these autos to local waiters, much like how our nomadic phones interact with the nomadic towers. Each auto will act like a nomadic set and everytime it enters the A ; lsquo ; coverage country of our pilotage waiters, it will interact with it by directing a long whole number value ( bespeaking it s finish reference ) , the waiter will so decrypt the whole number value and figure out the finish. It will subsequently pass on the little instructions to the auto and assist the auto to voyage. Like in our analogy, a local individual might state us A ; lsquo ; Go straight till You hit a left bend, take left and so once more travel directly till You reach a chownk . After making the A ; lsquo ; chownk we once more ask for the following direction from another individual. The local waiter will state something similar to the auto and the auto will merely follow the instructions. How will the auto cognize where is it heading? How will the auto still cognize how much distance to go till it fetches the following direction? One method can be mensurating the distances, by cognizing the current velocity of the auto and the clip the auto travelled at that velocity and merely ciphering the distance it travelled by the speed-distance expression. In this instance the waiter will pass on the distance that the auto should go before it farther asks for following instructions from it. Puting it all together So before we start discoursing our Automatic Car Navigation System, allow s see what the basic thought truly is. The Car tells the waiter ( via a transceiver ) where it presently is and where it wants to travel. The waiter calculates the shortest possible way and saves it in memory. The waiter so sends instructions to auto and hence helps it to voyage The auto moves the instructed distance and so seeks for following direction from the waiter. This is continued till the auto reaches its finish. We would be utilizing 8051 microcontroller in both Car and Server. What are the constituents of Our system? The chief constituents of our system are- Car Waiter Map They are discussed in item in the undermentioned subdivisions. Car The auto is a 3 Wheeler design whose forward two tyres are connected with Stepper Motors and a rear tyre is connected at the centre. Diagrammatic representation of Car The ground why we are utilizing Stepper Motors is it will work out the job of mensurating distance. The auto would cover a distance of 2*Pi*radius ( equal to the perimeter of the tyre ) in a 360o rotary motion. If the hoofer angle of stepper motor is, say, 1o, so the auto covers a distance of ( 2*Pi ) /360o, which comes out to be equal to 0.0174 metres in a individual measure rotary motion ( presuming radius of the tyre to be 1 metre ) . Now, for illustration, the auto has to travel 20 metres, so, the figure of 1 degree rotary motions it would necessitate for the auto to cover that distance would be 20/0.0174, which comes out to be approximately 1176 rotary motions. Now let s hold a expression at elaborate construction of auto. Different Components of Car The auto communicates with the waiter via a Radio Frequency Transreceiver ( the 1 that is being used in this undertaking is of Sunrom company- RF TR433 ) . The operating frequence is 433 MHz and has a scope of 100 metres. The Microcontroller 8051 interacts with the transreceiver via interface IC ST1197. This IC has been used to simplify things because it automatically performs some basic maps such as cyclic redundancy cheque, etc. Waiter The waiter is the chief guiding constituent of our system. It is the waiter which calculates the shortest possible way and so steer the auto to make at that place. It consists of following constituents. Components of Server Map The Real-World Physical Map had to be digitalized in order that the waiter understands the locations and figures out a manner. The most simplest method was followed, the whole map was plotted on a grid in such a mode that the entire figure of grid squares that the map consumes is an built, the map merely consumed 15 grid squares and non 15.2 or 15.3, that is a whole figure. Each square Grid represents two co-ordinates ; thereby an array was created in the package which has same figure of indices as that of Grid Squares. The Square Grids over which the motion of that auto is possible have been assigned a corresponding value of 1 in the array ; others have been assigned a value 0 in the array. This was how the map has been digitalized. The undermentioned Figure gives an illustration: The transition of a Physical Map to a Digital Map Array How make the Car and Server Communicate with each other? The communicating between the auto and the waiter is carried on by following some peculiar Protocols. The Protocols are briefly divided into two types- the 1s followed by the auto and the 1s followed by the waiter. The first message that the auto sends to the waiter is chiefly a 6 byte message. This 6 byte message tells the waiter where is the auto standing, where does the auto wants to travel and it s orientation with regard to absolute. The diagram in the following page describes what does each byte represent in their several order. The Data Bytes sent by auto in the first message to the waiter. The orientation of the auto is with regard to the map. For the interest of simpleness the orientation of the auto has been divided into merely four waies merely. The Diagram on the right explains how the orientation byte is assigned a value with regard to the absolute ( 0,0 ) co-ordinate of the map. Orientation System of the Car After the first transmittal, the Server calculates the shortest way to the finish and saves it in its memory. It so sends distances to the auto following the protocol given in the diagram on the following page ( a ) . The auto performs the map as directed by Byte 2 and so sends a message to the map utilizing the undermentioned protocol given in the following page ( B ) . ( a ) . Protocol followed by the waiter ( B ) Protocol followed by the auto during 2nd transmittal The distances are sent in whole number value ( whole Numberss ) for the interest of simpleness. If the value is 100 it represents a left bend ( with regard to the auto s orientation ) , if the value is 200 it represents a right bend ( with regard to the auto s orientation ) ; the staying values represent distances. Example Assume the auto is standing at a location ( 11,0 ) on the physical map and it intends to make its finish which is located at ( 14,8 ) . The auto is presently in a way of negative Y axis ( with regard to the 0,0 co-ordinates of the physical map ) ; Hence the orientation of the auto has a value of 0. The auto would direct the undermentioned message to the waiter: 256/11/00/14/08/00 Byte 1: 256 ( particular codification ) Byte 2: 11 ( ten co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 3: 00 ( y co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 4: 14 ( ten co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 5: 08 ( y co-ordinate of auto ) Byte 6: 00 ( orientation of auto ) The waiter will have the information, calculate the shortest possible way and so convey 1 direction at a clip. The instructions to be transmitted one by one would be in following mode: First Transmission: 6/2 ( Entire figure of instructions left excepting this one is 6 ; Move a distance of 2 unit squares ) Second Transmission: 5/200 ( Number of instructions left are 5 ; Turn to your right ) Third Transmission: 4/1 ( Number of instructions left are 4 ; Move a distance of 1 unit square ) Fourth Transmission: 3/100 ( Number of instructions left are 3 ; Turn to your left ) Fifth Transmission: 2/4 ( Number of instructions left are 2 ; Move a distance of 2 unit squares ) Sixth Transmission: 1/100 ( Number of instructions left are 1 ; Turn to your left ) Seventh Transmission: 0/5 ( Number of instructions left are 0 ; Move a distance of 5 unit squares ) To every transmittal of the waiter the auto will convey 2 bytes. First being the entire figure of instructions left ( the same value as it received from the waiter ) and 2nd being a verification byte holding a value of 1. Merits No excess investing on hardware required: We already have so many nomadic towers installed and we can utilize them for pilotage, the nomadic companies can supply the function information. Simple, Reliable and Accurate: This is a more accurate solution as the auto merely contacts a local waiter so it is highly accurate. The auto is relieved: The biggest demerit of other techniques is the auto has to calculate out everything, the way to the finish, hit sensings, etc. etc. In Our method the auto merely follows the instructions that comes from a dependable waiter and hence it is free to make other services like hit sensing, etc. etc. Imagine the Possiblities Imagine a clip where we merely plug in our nomadic phones and the auto connects to the nearest nomadic waiter and drives itself to the finish. What will my Term Paper focal point upon? I will be concentrating upon the pilotage system- The waiter, how it will cipher the shortest way, the communicating between auto and the waiters, the pilotage of auto. The undertaking will dwell of a simple auto, a waiter and a little map as a paradigm for presentation. I will howoever non working upon hit sensings and the traffic flux of the system. Since it would merely be a paradigm at that place would merely be a individual auto, and straight roads with 90 grade bends, so there is no demand of advanced hit sensing techniques.

Oppression of the Natives by the Ruling Elite in Latin Ameri essays

Oppression of the Natives by the Ruling Elite in Latin Ameri essays The Clorinda Matto de Turner novel Birds Without a Nest exposes the theme of absolute rule by elites in local communities in late colonial Latin America. These authority figures, as expressed by Turner, tell the reader in these parts of the world, the victims that escape the hands of the priest fall into the power of the authorities and ...if we fix our eyes on the Indians, the heart grows desperate before the oppression which they endure from the priest and the caciques (128). This theme is one that is recurring in Latin America in the late colonial periods. In Turners novel, the four local authorities; the Priest, Sub-Prefect, Judge and the Governor control the town of Killac; all oppress the native Indians in order to maintain a lifestyle that they are accustomed too. In the following paper, I would like to analyze how local authorities manipulate society in order to benefit themselves, through techniques such as debt peonage, demoralizing the natives, and controlling the local la ws. Early in the novel, the audience finds out about priestly corruption and suppression of Native Indians. This is evident when Father Pascual imposes an embargo on the Yupanqui family crops due to a loan provided to cover a burial of Marcelas mother-in-law. This results with a collector pursuing Juan Yupanqui, a native Indian, to pay a ten-dollar loan, which with the five hundred percent interest, grew into a one hundred twenty-dollar debt. Such distributions in advance (10) represent one of the ways the local caciques try to force the native peoples to pay their labor. However, due to the high interest, the debt is almost impossible to eliminate. This forces the natives to provide some sort of payment to the lender for indefinite periods of time. Treatment such as this toward natives was quite common throughout Latin America in the late Colonial Period since there were no local banks established and local priests and...

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology

Buffer Definition - Chemistry and Biology A buffer is a  solution containing either a weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt, which is resistant to changes in pH. In other words, a buffer is an aqueous solution of either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. A buffer may also be called a pH buffer, hydrogen ion buffer, or buffer solution. Buffers are used to maintain a stable pH in a solution, as they can neutralize small quantities of additional acid of base. For a given buffer solution, there is a working pH range and a set amount of acid or base that can be neutralized before the pH will change.  The amount of acid or base that can be added to a buffer before changing its pH is called its buffer capacity.   The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation may be used to gauge the approximate pH of a buffer.  In order to use the equation, the initial concentration or stoichiometric concentration is entered instead of the equilibrium concentration. The general form of a buffer chemical reaction is: HA â‡Å' H   A− Examples of Buffers blood - contains a bicarbonate buffer systemTRIS bufferphosphate buffer As stated, buffers are useful over specific pH ranges. For example, here is the pH range of common buffering agents: Buffer pKa pH range citric acid 3.13., 4.76, 6.40 2.1 to 7.4 acetic acid 4.8 3.8 to 5.8 KH2PO4 7.2 6.2 to 8.2 borate 9.24 8.25 to 10.25 CHES 9.3 8.3 to 10.3 When a buffer solution is prepared, the pH of the solution is adjusted to get it within the correct effective range. Typically a strong acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) is added to lower the pH of acidic buffers. A strong base, such as sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH), is added to raise the pH of alkaline buffers. How Buffers Work In order to understand how a buffer works, consider the example of a buffer solution made by dissolving sodium acetate into acetic acid. Acetic acid is (as you can tell from the name) an acid: CH3COOH, while the sodium acetate dissociates in solution to yield the conjugate base, acetate ions of CH3COO-. The equation for the reaction is: CH3COOH(aq) OH-(aq) ⇆ CH3COO-(aq) H2O(aq) If a strong acid is added to this solution, the acetate ion neutralizes it: CH3COO-(aq) H(aq) ⇆ CH3COOH(aq) This shifts the equilibrium of the initial buffer reaction, keeping the pH stable. A strong base, on the other hand, would react with the acetic acid. Universal Buffers Most buffers work over a relative narrow pH range. An exception is citric acid because it has three pKa values. When a compound has multiple pKa values, a larger pH range becomes available for a buffer. Its also possible to combine buffers, providing their pKa values are close (differing by 2 or less), and adjusting the pH with strong base or acid to reach the required range. For example, McIvaines buffer is prepared by combining mixtures of Na2PO4 and citric acid. Depending on the ratio between the compounds, the buffer may be effective from pH 3.0 to 8.0. A mixture of citric acid, boric acid, monopotassium phosphate, and diethyl barbituic acid can cover the pH range from 2.6 to 12! Buffer Key Takeaways A buffer is an aqueous solution used to keep the pH of a solution nearly constant.A buffer consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH of a buffer changes.An example of a buffer solution is bicarbonate in blood, which maintains the bodys internal pH. Sources Butler, J. N. (1964).  Ionic Equilibrium: A Mathematical Approach. Addison-Wesley. p.  151.Carmody, Walter R. (1961). Easily prepared wide range buffer series. J. Chem. Educ. 38 (11): 559–560. doi:10.1021/ed038p559Hulanicki, A. (1987). Reactions of acids and bases in analytical chemistry. Translated by Masson, Mary R. Horwood. ISBN 0-85312-330-6.Mendham, J.; Denny, R. C.; Barnes, J. D.; Thomas, M. (2000). Appendix 5. Vogels Textbook of Quantitative Chemical Analysis (5th ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-22628-7.Scorpio, R. (2000). Fundamentals of Acids, Bases, Buffers Their Application to Biochemical Systems. ISBN 0-7872-7374-0.

Career Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Career Plan - Essay Example The third stage involves a decision making process, where an individual has to choose a particular career specialization from a variety of options. Lastly, an individual needs to formulate an action plan and ensure that they execute the provision of the plan in consideration of the stipulated period (Perry, Nancy, & Zark, p. 22). The career enables individuals to ensure the creation of an effective financial management system for companies through the provision of consultation services. It also enables individuals to acquire entrepreneurial skills that enable them to become job creators rather than job seekers. A career in accounting involves the collection, processing, and presentation of financial information. This occurs through the preparation of accounting reports that aid the management of an organization, as well as the stakeholders in decision-making. The career involves the ability to carry out an independent audit on the financial statements of a particular organization to determine their true and fair view. It also involves the ability to perform taxation computations for different organizations for purposes of tax advice and filling of tax returns. This paper gives a career plan for a successful career in the accounting field. It gives the analysis of the strengths and weaknesses that determines the level of career success. It also analyzes the formulated goals and objectives and the process that ensures their accomplishment. This paper also gives a projection of an ideal state in five years’ time. This shows the focus and objectives put in place for the achievement of a successful career. It also gives a projection of the most likely state in five years’ time. It is evident that most individual do not achieve their plan due to several factors that becomes the reality of the matter. Lastly, there is the formulation of an action plan that gives the necessary steps that could minimize the difference between the gap of the

Social science research methods and ethics Essay

Social science research methods and ethics - Essay Example Social research methods are important to give a valid reason for any particular condition or issue. It helps in understanding the cause and consequences of particular situation which further is utilized to develop policies, guidelines and improvement of human life and living conditions. Researches are done for vast reasons and various ways. Social research of any kind is obviously a complex activity. It is carried out within a variety of cultural, legal, economic, and political environments which are bound to influence the research, its scope and its focus.1 This is a person who conducts research. The research can be a group activity or an individual activity depending upon the requirement and resources allocated for the research. In both the cases there are ethical issues involved at various levels. This group is the respondent group who is an important part of the research. The interest and protection of this group is one of the prime concerns area if there are any suspect of being harmed due to the result. The research process starts with selection of an appropriate topic for the research. The research topic should be such that it contributes to the area of work. The problem is defined. The literature on the similar work or related work is reviewed and the findings of literature reviews are considered to formulate hypothesis. Once the hypothesis is formulated the appropriate research method is chosen. The research method chosen should be good enough to cover the hypothesis and topic of research. Data collection is the next step. This is a tedious process and very much depended on the responded and ability of researcher or interviewer. The collected data is compiled and analyzed for the logical results. The results are compiled in the report format and shared with others. There are six types of research methods i.e surveys, participant observations, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures and experiments. Each of these

Las Vegas, NV Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Las Vegas, NV - Essay Example This essay describes the Las Vegas city. The researcher analyzes the city from various perspectives and states that as a destination, it is renowned for quality dining, shopping, and gambling. The city is most known for its casino-hotels and the entertainment associated with them. The 2010 census put the city’s population at 478,434, making it the twenty eighth most populous cities, in the United States. During the same period, its metropolitan area had a population of 1,951,269. Las Vegas was established as a city in the year 1911, just six years after its establishment. Its tolerance for adult entertainment earned it the moniker Sin City, making it a popular setting for TV programs and films. Las Vegas refers to the city plus some regions found beyond the limits of the city. Some of these beyond limit areas include the Las Vegas strip, resorts near it, and the Las Vegas Valley. Las Vegas, as a travel destination, is not for everyone. It is certainly not a destination for chi ldren, despite efforts at marketing it to families some time back. The streets, littered with handouts advertising companionship for women, act as a killer for family time. The researcher also mentiones that the artificial environment may make some feel uncomfortable. However, the climate during spring and fall is perfect for a vacation. Falling hotel occupancy also makes a visit to Las Vegas cost-effective. However, the researcher concluds that the gambling may cancel out that advantage, and as such one must be careful to spend wisely.

Sustainability of shellfish stocks in the Irish Sea Essay

Sustainability of shellfish stocks in the Irish Sea - Essay Example The seminar presentation seeks to find ways that could help sustain the population of fish stocks in the Irish Sea. In order to achieve this, the organisms must be organized into different breeding groups, migration patterns; productivity, genetics and habitats must be first explored and understood. The shellfish were organized into a population structure whereby a population is a group of organisms of one species which can freely interbreed and live in the same place at a time (Atkinson, 2000)2. Populations can be further divided into sub-populations where interbreeding is restricted and the organisms accumulate genetic differences and may locally adapt to the environment. Another way of organizing the shellfish is by the use of the stock concept. This involves division into stocks for easier management. However, this may not accurately reflect genetic sub-division because in subdivision and productivity concept, each sub-population contributes absolute productivity to the total population which may vary depending on environmental conditions. While extirpation of subpopulations decreases, total productivity may increase vulnerability to environmental change and decrease genetic diversity. In considering subdivision and gene flow, the reduction in size or density of subpopulations may reduce migration between subpopulations and increases genetic drift or may increase migration into some subpopulations. Migration of locally harvested stock contribute to breeding populations over a much wider geographical area, for example, salmon and trout harvested in the ocean contain migrants from many different freshwater streams which are genetically isolated subpopulations and locally adapted to breeding streams (Nielsen, 1994)3. The methodologies used include the migration of larvae or adults between subpopulations, DNA extraction of haemolymph or muscle, DNA analysis through gene sequencing and screen for microsatellite markers used to measure genetic diversity. Another